Islam in India. Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islam in India. - Research Paper ExampleArabs were the first who were responsible to spread Islam in south- Asia. The first mosque which was make in India was built by Malik Bin Deenar in Kodungallurin in 612 C.E. during the time of Prophet Muhammad. Mappilas were the first community which converted to Islam. The role of sufis was of massive importance in the spread of Islam in India. Sufism played an important role which greatly helped the Hindus to understand the Muslim faith.Hazrat khwaja muin-ud-din Chisti, nizam ud-din Auliya, Amir Khusro and many others trained the other sufis to circle Islam in various parts of India. Islam is a holiness which has the quality to co-exist with other religions.The muslim poets, writers, played a very important role to help india to contract against the British.Not only Muslim men but a lot of muslim women contributed against the struggle of freedom from the british.some of them include Bi Amma,Asghari Begum, Hazrat Mahal etc.The muslims cam e to india in 711c.e.The Muslims established their capital at dehli by the 11th century.Many of the Mughal emperors were fanatic such as the Aurangzeb , during his reign the minorities suffered a lot because he forcibly destroyed the religious places of worship of other communities and built mosques on them but Akbar was liberal and this can be seen from the monuments which he has built .They represent different religions . The process of conversion to islam began in the 8th century which include hindus who belonged to lower class.Some of the british visitors were given permission by Akbar to stay in the eastern part of india but they misused their power and collabarated with the rajas and nawabs to fight against the mughals and muslim rulers and by and by fighting for almost two centuries, at last the british succeded and the mughal empire came to an end in 1857. The first War of independence was established in 1857 and in 1858 the Indian act was transferred to the British. Indian National Congress was established in 1885 to strengthen relations with the british.In 1905 partition of Bengal gave the Muslims a majority state. In the following yr 1906, Muslim league was established.The downfall of the Mughal Empire greatly affected the muslims.Their laziness led to the downfall of Muslims in the sub-continent. Although Quaid-e-Azam was the embassador of hindu-muslim unity, he valued to bring the Hindus and muslims close set(predicate) but due to religious differences it became impossible. Both the nations thought that the other nation is harmful to them due to which the British took advantage and there existed more chaos and mental confusion among the two nations. On this basis the Muslims decided that for the protection of their culture, tradition, religion it is necessary to demand a separate homeland for themselves. A place where they could practice their religion without any fear.For this purose All-india muslim league was establihed so that the demands of the muslims of sub-continent could be properly addressed.Allama iqbal presented the concept of a separate homeland.Sir Syed Ahmed Khan played an imporatnt role in re-awakening the muslims of the un-divided india. He wanted the muslims to get educated so that they would not be lefet behind as the hindus were extremely qualified.The muslims refused to learn english and the hindus knew english and therefore were given favourable positions in government. He wanted the muslims to realize that education has a lot of importance.For this purpose he established M.A.O (Mohammad Anlo Oriental college). The congress made a lot of mistakes which convinced(p) the Muslims that they cannot live together.

Self Evaluation and learning action plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self Evaluation and learning consummation plan - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, through providing handsome salary plans modern organizations are trapping youngsters into a fallacy of job therefore, turning their talents into increasing profitability for their stakeholders.However, it is relieving to note, that job turnover is increasing throughout the world because of organizations developing tendency to commit psychological contract breach, which is actively contributing towards increasing entrepreneurial expeditions around the world (Jafri, 2011).This paper will be designed in such a way that it will assist me in attaining my objectives in life, through integrating knowledge of various concepts such as thinking practitioner, action planning and skill analysis.I consider myself as a creative individual, who can artistically perform business activity in any neighborhood of the world. However, my financial management skills are weak, but I am confidently attempting to overcome my professional deficiency in finance. I also believe in my teachers ability to help me during my struggle to become a competent financial analyst in the future.First, this document will focus on explaining thinking practitioner. This display case of individual analyzes his or her each professional and personal action, in the light of successfulness. Along with this, he or she keeps on evaluating him or herself in order, to indentify personal strengths and weaknesses (Smith, 2011).Remember, the matched advantage of a person lies with his or her strength, because it is simple to achieve excellence in the field, in which an individual is interested. However, in other areas an individual may restrain to work very hard, but may not be able to develop expertise.At the same time, it is important to seek out others opinion, but we do not have to impose it on ourselves because, people will always deem something impossible, which they cannot achieve (Vries, et al, 2006). On the other hand, it

Is nothing private Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is nothing private - Case Study ExampleMonique Masters that her quest is honorable aimed at offering more good than bad. The principal(prenominal) ethical issue in the case is primarily the privacy and confidentiality of all persons who holds drivers license.The case is characterized by a number of relevant details. To bugger off with, FatAways president, Monique Masters presents her need to advertise for a newly developed product line. The products to be advertised are deemed safe, reliable and effective. The advertisement undertakings are referred to an publicize agency that is supposed to gather specific and relevant information for the advertisement, design the advertisement and further market the entire campaign. The information required is available, but not specifically gathered for advertisement and marketing purposes.Another relevant detail that pertains to this case is the procedure to use in getting the required information. The advert ask to identify the ten fattest people in each state. This information is dependent on getting access to all persons who hold driving licenses. Once this is done, their superlative and weight is to be matched and the grossly fat persons identified for the advertisement pursuit. The identified persons will be asked to consent to the move, with those who get into a weight loss class getting paid for every pound of weight lost.The other detail is that of getting access to the required information. The privacy and confidentiality of the information held by drivers registries seems to be jeopardized. This is imply to the alternatives available in getting access to this information. Subscriptions are allowed and even in some cases secretaries of state provide this information at a cost. Business and paid conduct is therefore central to the dealings between Monique, the Advertising Agency and the Executive account Manager. The case details therefore revolve around the FatAway Inc., the advertising agency and its

Moral relativism and Moral absolutism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral relativism and Moral absolutism - Essay ExampleThe belief of lesson relativism stipulates that there is no sense in asking abstract questions concerning whether an act is either good or its bad. As per the theory, abstract questions that contain neither goodness nor badness in them. The concept stipulates that the issues of goodness and badness can only be found in contexts that are specified. Therefore, this implies that an action can be good for a certain individual but on the other hand be bad for another individual. It also suggests that certain acts may be correct in a certain cultural setting but considered to be bad in another cultural setting (Moral Relativism. Info). However, if the concept of moral relativism is considered true, an act should not be questioned on its goodness or badness in its abstract form but should only be questioned in bad-tempered situations. Different people view the issue of more relativism as being a palpable truth and undeniable whereas ot hers perceive it as a nemesis to the ethical foundations upon which societies are built (Hammerlinck).The concept of moral relativism has been supported with various proofs by different people. Some of them receive put forward arguments from disagreements, flexibility and from tolerance. Those who fetch forwarded arguments from disagreements argue that ethical relativism best describes the fact that different cultures and individuals have different ethical beliefs. From this perception, the ethical disagreements demonstrate that the issue of morality is just but a product of our personal opinions or our different cultures. This is the exact claim that has been put forward by the notion of moral relativism (Moral Relativism. Info). Other arguments for the notion of moral relativism that have been presented from flexibility arguments stipulate that the issue of moral absolutism will certainly break down when exposed to particular situations.

Identify the different sources of international law. To what extent Essay

Identify the different sources of international righteousness. To what extent have international treaties strickleed the development of inte - Essay ExampleSources of international law ar recognized generally as authoritative statements. This is found in the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Article 38. This specifies possible sources of law that the court shall open in deciding difference of opinions. These sources of international law include international conventions which establishes rules, whether particular or general, expressly recognized by the states contesting the general law principles recognized by civilized nations international customs evident of general practice and accepted by law and teachings from publicists and judicial decisions of the various nations and states as a subsidiary heart and soul of determining the rule of law (Buergenthal and Sean 19). The mentioned sources of international law, customs, treaties, and principles of law, are r eferred to by librarians and lawyers with a similar background as the primary sources of international laws. Teachings from the most high able publicists and judicial decisions are recognized as secondary sources or evidence of international laws. It should be noted that case laws are only considered as a subsidiary means. This is because even the ICJ decisions itself cannot create any binding precedent. The court decisions have no particular force of binding except mingled with, in respect of that special case, the parties. Teachings from the most highly qualified publicists may as well as include organizational work like private institutions and International law Commission. Other sources of international law that recognizes international organization role include resolutions and actions of international governmental organizations like United Nations. Such organizations are also recognized as evidence or sources of international law (Aust 5). The European Union laws have been categorized depending on the sources. The laws grouped under primary sources include Treaty Articles, Treaty of Lisbon, and Treaty of the European Union. Those categorized under secondary sources include regulations, decisions, directives, and judgements or decisions of the ECJ. As mentioned earlier in the introduction, international law may be public international law, supranational law, or private international law. Public international law includes Treaty law, international criminal law, law of the sea, and international humanitarian law. These laws govern the existing relationships between international entities and states. The private international on the other hand addresses fundamental issues such as what jurisdiction hears a case, the rules that apply typically when a dispute is subjected to international concern like contract between parties in different countries, and the law concerning what jurisdiction to be applied to particular case issues. Finally, the supranational l aw, also referred to as supranational organizations concerned with regional agreements in which the nation state laws may be inapplicably held where there is a conflict with a supranational healthy system. Some of the examples of supranational framework include the European Court of Justice and European Union law, and the International Court of Justice and the UN Security Council (Buergenthal and Sean 28). The international treaties affect the development of international business in various ways. First the international business law is observed on varying levels international economic law,

Science and Policy studies (Antarctica) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science and Policy studies (Antarctica) - Essay ExampleSince the find of bulky quantity of oil resources underneath the seabed, various countries lying in the geographical proximity of the Antarctic region have staked claim to certain regions of this land. If one were to go back in history, one would wind that international co-operation in field of Antarctic exploration dated way back to 1882 which incidentally was the first diametral Year. The second Polar year was held in 1932 with forty nations supporting the cause in the study of meteorology and radio science. However, these noble designs of international studies were marred nonetheless then by politics, with Britain staking a claim to a portion of the land in 1908. By 1930 France, Norway and Chile had made their claims to certain regions in the Antarctic. Britain had in the meanwhile setup up a permanent base by sending an expedition code named Operation Tabarin. The era of Cold War also adage several expeditions being taken up by America and Russia which apart from being research oriented was also a method in proponent posturing. The present scenario is quite complex with a number of sovereign countries staking claim to the region. US as a superpower has not claimed any part of Antarctica nor has it recognize the claims made by any of the other countries. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic research was schematic for the purpose of enhancing cooperation in the field of research and fellowship sharing. The twelve countries include the US, UK and USSR who contributed a significant amount to its early budget. The Antarctic Treaty was signed on 23rd June 1961 by member countries who pledged to charter in more constructive and peaceful scientific research while at the same time putting individual claims on the backburner.( Dodds Klaus, 2010, Governing Antarctica) This impersonate to rest slightly of the apprehensions of Britain, Chile and Argentina. This treaty which was signed by twelve members i nitially has now forty seven members to its credit. (Crawford Elisabeth et al, 1992)This treaty brought about in the defecate of a legal framework described measures to keep the Antarctic region under a system of good governance. Apart from the find of energy resources, some of the other issues which affected the politics of the region were illegitimate fishing and unregulated tourism. The Antarctic Treaty system is also taking measures to control the prominence of illegal fishing menace since these areas fall out nerve the ambit of any one particular country law. Source www.archivegreenpeace.org, 1990, crew of the Kyo-maru pulls a Minke whale toward its port side Two notable measures adopted were the Agreed Measure for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora in 1964 and the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) established in 1982. The CCAMLR has sought to curb the illegal fishing of species like Patagonian tooth fish and ice fish. The other cause of co ncern is that unregulated tourism to this region has frantic the eco balance of this region. In 2007-2008, it was estimated that 50,000 people visited this areas like the Punta Arenas and Stanley near the Faulkland islands. (Elzinga Aant, 1993) Illegal whaling off the Antarctic coast although monitored by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) has not been able to finish this

Culture Theory and Popular Culture Essay Example for Free

Culture Theory and commonplace Culture EssayThe watch of destination has, over the last few years, been quite dramatically transformed as questions of modernity and post-modernity have re trampd the more familiar concepts of ideology and hegemony which, from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s, anchored ethnic depth psychology firmly inwardly the neo-Marxist field mapped out by Althusser and Gramsci. Modernity and post-modernity have also moved far beyond the academic fields of media or ethnic studies. Hardly one branch of the arts, humanities or social sciences has remained untouched by the debates which have accompanied their presence. They have also found their way into the timbre press and on to TV, and of course they have entered the art school studios informing and giving shape to the way in which art practitioners including architects, painters and film-makers define and execute their work. pricey or faulty, to be welcomed or reviled, these basis have corresponded to some sea-change in the way in which pagan intellectuals and practitioners experience and seek to understand the world in the late 1980s and into the 1990s. Storey claimed that postmodernism has disturbed many of the old certainties surrounding questions of cultural value. This work will consider the issues of postmodernism versus modernism mostly from the perspective of the critics of postmodernism with address to good and seriously taste. Post-modern cultural movements first emerged in the 1960s in painting, architecture, and literary criticism. Pop art challenged modernist art by experimenting with stark naked cultural forms and circumscribe that embraced everyday lifespan, radical eclecticism, subcultures, upsurge media, and consumerism. Sociologist Daniel Bell was one of the first to take up the challenge of postmodernism.In The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (1976) he identified a moral crisis in Western society bound up with the decline of Puritan bourgeois cu lture and the ascendence of a post-modern culture that he exposit in terms of an aesthetic relativism and a hedonistic individualism. Yet the most formidable critic of postmodernism and defender of modernity has been German philosopher and heir to the Frankfurt naturalise tradition of critical theory Jurgen Habermas. in that respect be two problems with postmodernism. The first problem comes into focus around the meaning of the term atomisation.This is a word which, through and through over-usage in recent cultural debates, has become shorn of meaning. Post-modernity has been associated by Fredric Jameson (1984) with the emergence of a broken, fractured shadow of a man. The tinny shallowness of mass culture is, he argues, directly reflected in the schizophrenic subject of con temporary mass consciousness. Against Jameson, Stuart Hall (1981) has recently said that it is fair this decentring of consciousness which allows him, as a black person, to emerge, divided, yes, plainly now fully foregrounded on the post-modern stage.So one of the fascinating things about this discussion is to find myself centred at last. Now that, in the postmodern age, you all see so dispersed I become centred. What Ive thought of as dispersed and fragment comes, paradoxically, to be the representative modern condition This is coming home with a vengeance (34). These are, then, two perspectives on the problem of postmodern fragmentation. There is Jameson, who looks back nostalgically to the notion of accordance or totality and who sees in this a anatomy of prerequisite for radical government, a goal to be striven for.And there is Hall, who sees in fragmentation something more reflective of the ongoing and historical condition of subaltern groups. Jamesons merge man could be taken to be a preFreudian, Enlightenment subject, and thus be discredited by those who have paid attention to Lacans notion of the scattered subject. But the endorsement of post-modern fragmentation is equally not without its own problems. Have we become more fragmented than before? Can we specifically name a time and a place for the moment of fragmentation? Is fragmentation the other of humanity?Or is the representation of fragmentation coincidental with political empowerment and sacking? Christopher Norris (1990) has argued that post-modernity (and postmodern fragmentation) stands at the end of the long line of intellectual inquiry which starts with Saussure, works its way through post-structuralism and Lacanian psychoanalysis and ends with Baudrillard. In Norriss terms fragmentation is to be understood as marking an absolute and irreparable break with the co-ordinated subject, a break which is now writ large in culture.Present-day fragmented subjectivity is captured and expressed in post-modern cultural forms, a kind of superficial pick-and-mix of styles. According to Jameson, however, unfragmented subjectivity, by contrast, produced great works of uncluttered opulent modern ism. There is a degree of slippage in the connections being made here. The problem lies, at least partly, in the im meticulous use of the word fragmentation. There is a vacillation among the high psychoanalytical use of Lacan and a much looser notion, one which seems to sum up unsatisfactory aspects of contemporary cultural experience.Modernists, however, also felt confused and fragmented. Fragmentation, as a kind of structure of feeling, is by no means the sole property of those living under the shadow of the post-modern condition. Bewilderment, anxiety, panic such expressions can be attributed to any historical moment as it is transposed into cultural and artistic expression over the last a hundred and fifty years. The category of fragmentation seems to have become either too technical to be of general use (i. e.in Lacans work) or too vague to mean anything more than snap apart. The second question which might be asked of neo-Marxist critics of postmodernity, concerns determinat ion, and the return to a form of economic reductionism in cultural theory. Fredric Jameson argues that postmodernism is the cultural logic of capital, but his argument, as capital of Minnesota Hirst writing about trends in both New Times and post-modern writing, has suggested, slips from a rigid causal determinism into casual metaphor (45).Jameson, going back to Mandels Late Capitalism, has argued that the kinds of cultural phenomena which might be described as post-modern form part of the logic of advanced or late capitalism. This does away, at a sweep, with the difficult issue of explaining the precise nature of the social and ideological relationships which mediate between the economy and the sphere of culture and it simultaneously restores a rather old-fashioned notion of determination to that place it had occupied prior to Althussers relative autonomy and his idea of determination in the last instance (67).Quoting Lyotard, Harvey (1989) takes up the notion of the temporary cont ract as the stylemark of post-modern social relations. What he sees prevailing in production, in the guise of new forms of work, he also sees prevailing in emotional life and in culture, in the temporary contract of love and sexuality. Like Jameson he decries this state and looks forward to something more robust and more reliable, something from which a less fractured sense of self and friendship might emerge.He views postmodern culture disparagingly, as aesthetic rather than ethical, reflecting an avoidance of politics rather than a rising to the challenge of a politics posed by new or changing conditions of production. Despite their sweeping rejection of post-modern writing, both Jameson and Harvey take advantage of the conceptual and methodological breadth found in these theories to circumvent (or short-circuit) the key problems which have arisen in cultural studies in the attempt to specify and under-stand the social relations which connect culture to the conditions of its pro duction.Their conceptual leap into a critique of postmodernism allows these writers to avoid confronting more directly the place of Marxism in cultural studies from the late 1980s into the 1990s, a moment at which Marxism cannot be seen in terms other than those of eclipse or decline. Postmodernism exists, therefore, as something of a convenient bete noire.It allows for the evasion of the logic of cultural studies, if we take that logic to be the problematizing of the relations between culture and the economy and between culture and politics, in an age where the field of culture appears to be increasingly expansive and where both politics and economics might even be seen, at one level, as being conducted in and through culture. Structuralism has replaced old orthodoxies with new ones. This is apparent in its rereading of texts highly placed within an already existing literary or aesthetic hierarchy.Elsewhere it constructs a new hierarchy, with Hollywood classics at the top, followed by selected advertising images, and girls and womens magazines rounding it off. Other forms of representation, curiously music and dance, are lacking altogether. Andreas Huyssen in his 1984 introduction to postmodernism draws attention to this high structuralist preference for the works of high modernism, especially the writing of James Joyce or Mallarme.There is no doubt that centre stage in critical theory is held by the classical modernists Flaubertin BarthesMallarme and machinationaud in Derrida, Magritte in FoucaultJoyce and Artaud in Kristevaand so on ad infinitum (Huyssen, 198439). He argues that this reproduces unhelpfully the old distinction between the high arts and the low, less serious, popular arts.He goes on to comment Pop in the broadest sense was the context in which a notion of the post-modern first took shapeand the most significant trends within postmodernism have challenged modernisms relentless hostility to mass culture. in high spirits theory was simply no t equipped to deal with multilayered pop. Nor did it ever show much enthusiasm about this set of forms, perhaps because pop has never sentiency within one discrete discourse, but instead combines images with performance, music with film or video, and pin-ups with the magazine form itself (Huyssen, 198416).In recent article, where Hebdige (1988) engages directly with the question of postmodernism, he disavows the playful elements in Subcultureand, more manifestly, in the new fashion and style magazines. In contrast with what he sees now as an excess of style, a rejoicing of artifice and a strong cultural preference for pastiche, Hebdige seeks out the reassuringly real. He suggests that the slick joky tone of postmodernism, especially that found on the pages of The Face, represents a pullout with the real, and an evasion of social responsibility.He therefore insists on a return to the world of hunger, exploitation and oppression and with it a resurrection of unfragmented, recogniza ble subjectivity. He fleetingly engages with an important device characteristic of the post-modern condition, that is, the death of subjectivity and the emergence, in its place, of widespread social schizophrenia. Hebdige seems to be saying that if this rupturing of identity is what postmodernism is about, then he would rather turn his back on it.The speckle of Clement Greenberg in his 1980 lecture entitled The Notion of the Post-Modern could be summarized in the following terms modernism in painting has been, since its inception with Manet and the impressionists, a heroic struggle against the encroachment of bad taste or kitsch in the domain of art postmodernism is yet the latest name under which commercial bad taste, masquerading as sophisticated advancedness, challenges the integrity of art. Any deviation from modernism, then, involves a betrayal or corruption of aesthetic standards.Seen from this vantage point, the post-modern cannot be much more than a regenerate urge to rel ax, particularly pervasive after the advent of pop art, with its deleterious effects on the art world. This type of argument (modernisms self-conscious mission, to exorcise bad taste from the domain of high art, is today as urgent as it ever was) appears in a figure of forms and shapes in the writings of the defenders of modernist purity against the infiltrations of mercantilism and fashion. This realized art, however, is not in a harmonious universal style as Mondrian was envisaging.It consists mostly in forms of art considered banal, sentimental, and in bad taste by most in the Fine Art artworld. Further, because so many people have no interest in Fine Art, it is often thought that optical art has somehow lost its relevance and potency. People ask what the point of art is, and whether it is worthwhile spending public money on art. When people rally of art, they think of Fine Art, and the influence of Fine Art seems to be in decline. However, although Fine Art seems to be in dec line as a cultural force, visual art has more power in culture now than it ever had.Visual art is not all Fine Art. There is a diversity of kinds of art in contemporary culture. Besides Fine Art, there is also Popular Art, send off Art, and advertising. What Fine Art does for us is just a small part of the total cultural value we get from art. As traditional culture recedes from memory, and technology changes our lifestyles, people look for new values and lifestyles. These new values and lifestyles are carried by the art broadcast over the mass media and on the products we buy. The mass-media arts define our heroes and tell us about the good. Advertisements define delectation and lifestyle.With mass-market goods we dress our bodies and houses in art, thus using art to define who we are. These contemporary visual arts play a large part in shape our values, fantasies, and lifestyles. However, conventional art histories tend not to treat the other powerful visual arts of our own tim e beyond Fine Art, namely, Popular Art, Design Art, and advertising. Advertising is not considered art because it is not functionless beyond being aesthetic. Also, the advertising does not typically show personal expressive creativity. So, the Design Arts are typically considered mere decoration.Popular Art is thought of as in bad taste, banal, sentimental, and so not worthy of consideration either. Since art histories are only looking at good art, they tend not to consider these other arts. Standing as they most often do within the Fine Art art world, art historians use the ideology and sense of artistic value of Fine Art to evaluate all art. From the perspective of the contemporary art world, Popular Art is thought of as a kind of Fine Art that is, bad Fine Art or Fine Art in bad taste. It seems hackneyed and banal to the Fine Art art world.From their perspective, popular taste is bad taste. For example, Osvaldo Yero, an artist who emerged in the 1990s, has based his work on the t echnique and poetics of the plaster of Paris figures. These figures, mostly decorations, but also religious images, were perhaps considered the last gasp of bad taste. They constituted the epitome of uncultivated appropriation of icons from the high culture as well as from mass culture, done in a poor and artificial material par excellence, worked clumsily in a semi-industrial technique and polychromed with upstart(prenominal) attempts at elegance.They symbolized the triumph of vulgarity, the failure of the aesthetic education of the masses proposed by socialism. By the 1920s business and advertising agencies had realized that putting style and gloss choices into the products they made increased consumption. Through the use of advertising and by designing stylistic variety into their products, manufacturers elevated things into the category of fashion goods that had before just been public utility goods, like towels, bedding, and bathroom fixtures.Previously these items did not have any style component, but now designers added decoration to their functional design. This meant that now consumers could choose products not just for function, but also for style. People could now have pink sheets, green toilets, and blue phones. There is a tension in design style between aesthetic formalist styles like the international style, and design styles that are figurative. Those favoring figurative design tend to think of products as coming in a great variety and designed to appeal to the various tastes of consumers.Here the style of the products are not dictated by function, but by market pressures. This is a further festering of design for sales. This gave rise to what is known as niche marketing, where the styling is targeted to a smaller, more specific group than mass marketing is. Thus, they shun the idea of a unified worldwide machine aesthetic. For example, a razor can be pink with flowers on it to target it to fe anthropoid users, and black with blue accent l ines to target it to male users. The razor is the same, but the razor is packaged with different styling to sell the product to different markets.In designing for niche markets, the styling reflects the class, age group, profession, and aspirations of the target group. This goes hand in hand with advertising, and requires a great deal of research to discover what these values are and what styling motifs succeed in communicating them. The exemplary text or the single, abundantly coded image gives way to the textual thickness and the visual density of everyday life, as though the slow, even languid look of the semiologist is, by the 1980s, out of tempo with the times.The field of postmodernism certainly expresses a frustration, not merely with this seemingly languid pace, but with its increasing inability to make tangible connections between the general conditions of life today and the practice of cultural analysis. Structuralism has also replaced old orthodoxies with new ones. This is apparent in its rereading of texts highly placed within an already existing literary or aesthetic hierarchy. Elsewhere it constructs a new hierarchy, with Hollywood classics at the top, followed by selected advertising images, and girls and womens magazines rounding it off.Other forms of representation, particularly music and dance, are missing altogether. Huyssen argues that Pop in the broadest sense was the context in which a notion of the post-modern first took shape, and the most significant trends within postmodernism have challenged modernisms relentless hostility to mass culture. High theory was simply not equipped to deal with multilayered pop. References Bell, Daniel. (1976). The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York Basic Books. C. Norris, Lost in the funhouse Baudrillard and the politics of postmodernism, in R.Boyne and A. Rattansi (eds) Postmodernism and Society, London, Macmillan, 1990. Hall, Stuart, Connell, Ian and Curti, Lidia (1981). The unity of curre nt affairs television, in T. Bennett et al. (eds) Popular Television and Film, London BFI. Harvey, David (1989). The Condition of Postmodernity, Oxford Blackwell. Hebdige, Dick (1979). Subculture The Meaning of Style, London Routledge. Huyssen, A. (1984). Mapping the postmodern, New German Critique 33. Jameson, Fredric (1984). Postmodernism, or the cultural logic of late capitalism, New Left Review 146.