The finacial crisi of the French Revolution :: essays research papers

â€Å"How Serious Was The Pre-Revolutionary Financial Crisis Between 1786-88, And How Significant Was The Clash Between The Notables And Calonne In Failing To Solve It?† On the twentieth of august 1786 Charles Alexandre de Calonne, comptroller-general of the royal finances, informed King Louis XVI that the state was on the verge of a financial meltdown. Whilst not having exact details to the financial figures to show the full extent of the problem, it is never the less recognized that France was in serious financial difficulty. What then did Calonne propose to sort this financial mess out? How was he to convince the King and the Notables that France was in financial danger and to give backing to his solutions? This essay will attempt to answer such questions by examining the financial crisis France was in and by looking at Calonne’s proposals in which to solve it. We shall also examine his failure to convince the Notables and the steps to his acrimonious dismissal. First then lets look at the financial situation: according to Calonnes calculations the total revenue for France in 1786 would amount to 475 million livres. The problem was though, that expenditure would come to a total of approximately 587 million livres. That meant a deficit of 112 million – roughly a fifth of the entire annual revenue. This rise in deficit was due to a huge increase in state borrowing since 1777. As a result of the huge amounts of money the state was borrowing there was also the huge rise in the annual interest and repayments that the treasury had to dispurse. Indeed since 1777, Calonne claimed that ariubd 1,250 million livres had been borrowed. A lot of this borrowing was due to financing the various wars that French kings of the eighteenth century were prone to fighting. The last one, French involvement in the American Civil War between 1778-83, had a crippling effect on the economy and was substantial in rendering it down to the situation that Calonne ha d announced to Louis XVI. What then did the comptroller-general propose to do? To be fair to Calonne he was not lucky enough to have a myriad of options for him to work with. For instance it would be natural to think that in a time of economic crisis, an increase in tax would be an obvious step- yet not so for Calonne. France was already regarded as one of the most highly taxed states in Europe, and the average Frenchman was already feeling the burden of the Kings’ borrowing. The finacial crisi of the French Revolution :: essays research papers â€Å"How Serious Was The Pre-Revolutionary Financial Crisis Between 1786-88, And How Significant Was The Clash Between The Notables And Calonne In Failing To Solve It?† On the twentieth of august 1786 Charles Alexandre de Calonne, comptroller-general of the royal finances, informed King Louis XVI that the state was on the verge of a financial meltdown. Whilst not having exact details to the financial figures to show the full extent of the problem, it is never the less recognized that France was in serious financial difficulty. What then did Calonne propose to sort this financial mess out? How was he to convince the King and the Notables that France was in financial danger and to give backing to his solutions? This essay will attempt to answer such questions by examining the financial crisis France was in and by looking at Calonne’s proposals in which to solve it. We shall also examine his failure to convince the Notables and the steps to his acrimonious dismissal. First then lets look at the financial situation: according to Calonnes calculations the total revenue for France in 1786 would amount to 475 million livres. The problem was though, that expenditure would come to a total of approximately 587 million livres. That meant a deficit of 112 million – roughly a fifth of the entire annual revenue. This rise in deficit was due to a huge increase in state borrowing since 1777. As a result of the huge amounts of money the state was borrowing there was also the huge rise in the annual interest and repayments that the treasury had to dispurse. Indeed since 1777, Calonne claimed that ariubd 1,250 million livres had been borrowed. A lot of this borrowing was due to financing the various wars that French kings of the eighteenth century were prone to fighting. The last one, French involvement in the American Civil War between 1778-83, had a crippling effect on the economy and was substantial in rendering it down to the situation that Calonne ha d announced to Louis XVI. What then did the comptroller-general propose to do? To be fair to Calonne he was not lucky enough to have a myriad of options for him to work with. For instance it would be natural to think that in a time of economic crisis, an increase in tax would be an obvious step- yet not so for Calonne. France was already regarded as one of the most highly taxed states in Europe, and the average Frenchman was already feeling the burden of the Kings’ borrowing.

Analysis of Class, Status and Power Essay

Karl Marx and Max Weber are among the famous theorist who formed the pillar of the study of society. This come about in their contradict theories the conflict and protestant ethic respectively. It is understood that these two people lived in different eras, Marx being exposed to conditions and perspectives of the eighteen century whilst Weber dwells in the nineteen century where noticeable changes on the fast emergence of innovative technology, and a path where modernity take its toll (the industrial revolution) (Tui, 2014). The theories of Marx and Weber were applicable in their times with regards to the type, functions and interactions existing within society. As follows is the discussion of their main arguments on the contrary of their perspectives on the basis of society. According to Karl Marx, society of all hitherto is the result of social stratification and conflict. The organized economic activities and mode of production, determined the division of labor which causes the fo rmation of two classes, the bourgeoisies and the proletariat (the rich and the poor) showing opposition (antagonistic interaction). The proletariat (working class) controlled the modes of production while the bourgeois owned the means of production (Brym & Lie, 2007). The conflict theory by Marx, argued that a position in a productive system is the basis of peoples conflict. The rich attained privilege of accessing revenue and surplus whilst the poor did not resist, but remained subordinate. The bourgeois also maintained their interest by suppressing and maintaining the subordination of the proletariat (Worsley, et al., 1970). A revolution originated on the fact that men realized how capitalism deprives them of self-independence and freedom. Capitalism also increased inequality within society and enhanced further subordination of the working class. Marx believed that in the future there will be classless societies ( (Worsley, et al., 1970)). Therefore modern society is the result of the breakdown of the feudal system; the proletariats were being absorbed by the bourgeois to work in their factory, hence bringing s ociety to the end of communism (Tui, 2014). But also a classless society still experienced antagonistic, a trend of dependency between these two class, that is the bourgeois depend on the manual labor and productivity of the proletariat and vice versa, for their stability and co-existence. In contrast, Weber, in his theory, the protestant ethics, believed in hard work, personal achievement and motivations. It focuses on  individual actions and most importantly an individual’s knowledge and skills to bring about transformation of new society. In other words people consciously making decision at important times or junctures (Tui, 2014). People whom abided to protestant ethics and maintain the spirit of capitalism succeeded economically. He emphasized the importance of the growth of the service sector of the economy, with its many non-manual workers and professionals. He also articulated that capitalist development was not just caused by favorable economic conditions but religious beliefs also plays an important role (aw areness to the society of values and virtues: right and wrong) of facilitating great capitalist growth. He argued that Marx, fails to see that people in society can improve their condition in terms of education, technology to attain a better standard of living. Weber, also showed the flaws of the Conflict theory whereby he said that a revolution is not necessarily the solution to dissatisfaction and grievances. There are medium of resolving matters peacefully whereby the government is required to improve such conditions (Weber, 2005). In light of the above arguments, there is also controversy and contradiction in their discussion of class (created by eligibility and accessing to product of economy), status (social honor or professional position) and power (the ability and opportunity to control) (Worsley, et al., 1970). According to Marx, in society, there are two distinct classes: the bourgeois and the proletariat. These classes were inherited and there is nothing that can be done apart from revolution that can make the differences. The revolution would result in a classless society w here the state come to own the means of production. According to Marx, whoever has a class will have a complimentary standard of status and power. For him class is the originator of all kinds of status in society and source of power. He also stated that traditional status ascribed was used to acquire power such as the members of the noble family were born and entitled to rule. This class of nobles subsequently has high social status (Brym & Lie, 2007). Weber strongly argued that class, status and power were three totally different categories. Status and power were achieved through ones commitment and successes. It favored the concept of meritocracy which allows people to rise or fall to a position that matches their talent and efforts ( (Brym & Lie, 2007)). All of these were independent of each other. It is not necessary of an individual  or group of people in high class to have a corresponding level(s) of status and power. In general, class is directly related to how people have access to part of the society’s resources. Class should be related to your ability to buy power or your market position (Tui, 2014). Such as a proletariat can become a very important figure in government just because of his/her qualification, oratory skills and achievement. For example a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), commissioner of police, captain. These people worked their way like every proletariat from scratch and because of their ambition and hard work they are able to become successful, even though they do not have a royal or ruling background After having compared the two theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber, the latter theory of protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism by Max Weber is considered the best and useful theory to understand and explain the dynamics of my local society. Kiribati society is an example of an egalitarian society whereby people are equal and have the same rights and opportunities. The decision making process and access to government’s resources and all opportunities are carried out following established processes and procedures. Everyone is given a chance to talk for themselves or by a representative (Teitiniman, 1993). As mentioned earlier, access to opportunities are open to everyone such as position in government and non-government organization through advertisement. Eligible candidates announced and a screening test is conducted to screen out best candidates. It takes one’s effort, hardship and commitment towards professional development in order to improve life conditioning, status and attainment of power for example people acquiring scholarship for higher qualification and to qualify a higher post with high salary in the government institution (Itaia, 1979). According to Koae (1993) and agreed by Macdonald (2001) there are existing mediums of solving any grievance and dissatisfaction. These are put up in writing to the concerned department and or are taken up to court. Communities’ views and perspectives are considered as a means of improvement to policing strategies such as that adopted by the Kiribati Police Services. Elections of leaders are conducted on the basis of the public vote towards candidates (Brechtefeld, 1993). As Weber highlighted, class, status and power are achieved which is correspondingly true of my Kiribati society.  Peoples’ hard work irrespective of religious beliefs and traditional social cl ass and status, have equal and equitable access to opportunities which determine social and economic standings in my society. Bibliography Brechtefeld, N., 1993. The Electoral System. In: H. V. Trease, ed. Atoll Politics. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, pp. 43, 44, 45. Brym, R. J. & Lie, J., 2007. Sociology Your Compass for a New World. third ed. California: Thomson Wadsworth. Itaia, M., 1979. Rebirth Te Mauri, Te Raoi, ao Te Tabomoa. In: KIRIBATI Aspects of History. Suva: Institutes of Pacific Studies, The University of the South Pacific, pp. 123,124. Koae, T., 1993. Corrupt and Illegal Electoral Practices. In: H. V. Trease, ed. Atoll Politics. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, pp. 105-110. Macdonald, B., 2001. Cinderellas of the Empire. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, The University of the South Pacific. Teitiniman, T., 1993. Serving the People. In: H. V. Trease, ed. Atoll Politics. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, pp. 343, 344, 345. Tui, R., 2014. Social Structures in Modern/Contemporary Societies. Suva: s.n. Weber, M., 2005. The Protestan t Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library,. Worsley, P. et al., 1970. INTRODUCING SOCIOLOGY. 1 ed. Victoria: Penguin Education.

Economic Development in the United States - 1017 Words

Economic Developments in the United States The Republicans dominated Congress to take over the government passing a series of acts that limited the power of the President and Supreme Court. Many former slaves were able to buy land and do more. Farmers found it hard because they didn’t get the hard working labor force any more. Slavery Slaves were most economical on large farms where labor-intensive cash crops were grown. It died down after the American Revolution, but when cotton became more plentiful it rose again. Most white people were racist towards blacks because of their skin color so they used them as slaves for their plantations. States Rights vs. Strong Federal Governments Many people thought that the Federal Government should have the right to overrule state laws for a consistant basis of rights for individuals. Some pointed towards the 10th Amendment and said that they didn’t have the right to observe all powers, and that didn’t give the states the chance to exercise their standards and rights for their communities and social â€Å"norms†. The Federal Governments won. Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Purchase, with exception of Missouri. It also said that Maine was a free state. It was made to balance the â€Å"pro-slavery† states and â€Å"anti-slavery† states. Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska act repealed the Missouri Compromise and declared Kansas and Nebraska territories. Settlers in the new territories votedShow MoreRelatedEconomic And Economic Development Of The United States2518 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Despite its status as a major economic power, the United States exhibits several features that create cause for concern. Whereas the U.S. economy largely depends on adjustments in capital structures over time, individual firms and industries play critical roles in determining an economic future. Firm and industry leverage further depend on a reconciliation of debt and equity flows. More broadly, economic policies rooted in the philosophy of neoliberalism influence the macroeconomicRead MoreEconomic Development Of The United States1188 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic – According to the U.S. Census the average median income per house hold in Bedford County is $57,596. The average house is sold for around $195,400. This reveals the county to be in a fairly stable economic state. Many people may be comfortable with their situation and have no needs for extra things. Social – According to the Bedford county webpage, the county is the perfect balance between a business commonwealth and farming community. They are based off of their History. 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It s basically a decision in which the United States judged a situation and handles it in a way they believed to be what societyRead MoreThe United States And India1347 Words   |  6 Pages The United States and India are both democratic nations that historically have had racial divisions and apartheid, which is apparent in the social, political and economic developments of the two countries. These racial divisions and apartheid have directly impacted the development of the nations, thus shaping the way the current day states and its people function. Apartheid is a â€Å"policy of racial segregation and economic discrimination against non-European†. (Merriam-Webster, 2014) ThisRead MoreWars And Changes During The United States Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesWars and Changes in The United States The United States of American is a superpower in the world. Although it just have almost 240 years’ history, it experienced more than 200 wars. 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The Importance of Family Essay - 3145 Words

?gThe family is the most basic unit of government. As the first community to which a person is attached and the first authority under which a person learns to live, the family establishes societys most basic values.?h Charles Caleb Colton What does the existence of ?efamily?f mean to you? To me, family is the group of people who will be by my side through out my entire life. They are the people who cherish myself and turn to me when everything is going wrong. My parents show me how to do the most important things in life which are to love and to be loved. They also give me the chance to do whatever I choose in life without making me do what they want me to. My brother always shows he is interested in everything as well as I do. Family†¦show more content†¦By way of comparison, Dave Pelzer, the author of The Lost Boy was born in 1960 and grew up in a middle-class of San Francisco. He had experienced extraordinary life. As a child, he endured the horrors of child abuse, which included physical pain, mental cruelty, and frequent starvation. At age 12, Dave was placed in foster care until he enlisted in the U.S. Air Force at age 18. The story is an entirely true story written by the author himself. According to C hild Abuse Network Center, the amount of child abuse is increasing each year. Although it was less in the past, the significance of the effect that child abuse causes, has not changed over years. Here again, family is what a person receives the largest effect and is something that each individual should honor about being a member of their own family. This is why Dave was so miserably poor that he grew up in a family which he couldn?ft honor. The author of My Left Foot, Christy Brown, was born in Crumlin, Dublin, in 1932 as one of thirteen children. He suffered from cerebral palsy and was considered mentally disabled until he snatched a piece of chalk from his sister with his left foot. During this time people have struggled under severe economic depression that exploded in 1930?fs in Ireland. Family of Christy Brown was not an exceptional, so the family struggled with poverty. However their family strength was very strong as ChristyShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The Family1880 Words   |  8 PagesDiscuss the Importance of the family in society The family is a unit which in itself serves a different purpose in society, although the unit actually stays the same its functions vary depending on which sociological theory it is being perceived from. This essay intends to discuss the importance of the family in society using theories and studies to support this, and will look at the family according to the functionalist theory, the Marxist theory, and the feminist theory. It will look at how genderRead MoreImportance of Family801 Words   |  4 PagesAs soon as the man steps in this world, the first individuals he comes across are his family members (obviously excluding the hospital staffJ). The first individual is the mother who has taken great pain to bring him to this world. Then is the father who is always there to care for him. Then come the siblings. The word family has multiple meanings in dictionary. It is ‘a social unit living together’ or ‘parents and their children, considered as a group, whether dwelling together or not’. In aRead MoreThe Importance of Family Dinners1454 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Dinners: The effect is has on our children Midterm Project Kaplan University Research Methods in Criminal Justice CJ490 Abstract _There are countless studies of teens in our society who commit violent crimes. This study will show having family meals opens the lines of communication between teens and their parents. Through this communication parents will increase the chances of their teen doing well in school and preventcrime and teen pregnancies. _ Family Dinners: The effect is has onRead MoreImportance of Family Dinners1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Family Dinners Do you remember watching television sitcoms such as The Brady Bunch, The Partridge Family or even The Wonder Years? In those television shows families would gather together around the dinner table every night and talk about the adventures of their day. This dinner ritual is about more than providing your body with required sustenance. It gives families a time to reconnect with the people closest to them and opens the doors of communication. Studies have alsoRead MoreThe Importance Of Family Rituals1618 Words   |  7 PagesFamily Rituals helps with all the distances and perplexity that parental figures and children regularly feel in this quick moving society that we have. We often become so occupied with other activities that we often neglect some rituals. For some, rituals make living in this turbulent world less complex and steadier (Faull, 2017). Family rituals can keep the family grounded and help them remember where they came from. They will use this time to speak about dif ferent family rituals that have beenRead MoreThe Importance Of Family And Their Legacy1754 Words   |  8 Pagesboth recognize the importance of family and their legacy as represented in these funerary structures. The first object is a pseudo-group statue of Penmeru from Egypt, whereas the second object from Greece is a Sarcophagus and lid with a husband and wife. 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My Vision - 997 Words

What is your vision for the future? What is your purpose in life? What gets you out of bed every morning? These are questions we must constantly ask ourselves. As a college student, these are questions that are drowned out by the noise of academia, but as a young entrepreneur these are questions I ask myself daily. I have a vision for change that has come from a longing of something more by a Power greater than myself. Gandhi once said, â€Å"Be the change you wish to see in the world.† I read this quote everyday and I have made the decision to stop complaining about the world I live in and take action to change a world I believe in. It is my goal to inspire people s imaginations again. To cause them to dream new dreams and†¦show more content†¦It will teach kids real education. Children will learn communication skills, public speaking, sales, creativity and encouragement. I will not teach them how to get a job, I would teach them to be great. We will learn how to make things with our hands. Woodworking and crafts would be teamed up with cooking and sewing and we will all dream new dreams and imagine new lifestyles. A 5-star cook will show kids what real food taste like. I will have old ladies come in and teach the neighborhood the art of a garden. We will all plant foods and have a produce store in the neighborhood that runs like a business and it will make a profit. All of the profits will be used for a micro lending program that encourages locals to start their own small business and pursue their passion for success. The goal is to create systems so we can use business to take this comminute to other cites in America. The whole community will be run like a business and it will run to make a profit. But it will not be motivated by money it will be motivated by love. My vision is to be a different kind of businessman. I want to live in my neighborhood in Charlotte. I will live among the people. Because you cannot lead the people until you love theShow MoreRelatedMy Vision At The Pittsburgh Leadership Foundation2417 Words   |  10 PagesMy Mission/Great Purpose is to empower and help women and youth discover and pursue their passions and dreams through creative, hands-on training, education, and workshops that integrate Life Purpose Coaching techniques with expressive healing arts. My Vision is for Bloom Into Being, LLC, and the Re-stARTistry project to become a united Christian community across all ethnicities, denominations, and economic levels with every woman and child having the ability to discover and pursue his/her God-givenRead MoreMy Vision And My Original Vision Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagesthought was a clear vision of what I wanted to accomplish. Mason, however, broadened my knowledge and created bridges to link my original vision with the things I am good at, the things I love doing, and the things I want to be able to do one day. Mason awakened me to possibilities that I did not even know existed in the world of higher education. Looking back at my original goal statement I submitted in 2014 when applying for the PhD in Education program, the scope of my original vision was surprisinglyRead MorePersonal Vision Statement : My Vision1508 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this paper, I will outline my personal vision statement. This vision and mission will help determine the steps I need to take now in order to become the type of leader that others will follow. Next, I discuss those internal and external obstacles which may prevent me from achieving my goals. Lastly, I will identify the steps I will take to overcome or mitigate those obstacles. In conclusion, by outlining my desired personal vision statement I hope to have a picture or image uponRead MorePersonal Vision Statement : My Vision751 Words   |  4 PagesVision Statement Introduction I am writing this statement as a declaration of my personal vision. It will serve as a guide to help ensure that my actions are corresponding to what I envision. This personal vision statement is designed to help facilitate my purpose, unforeseen obstacles, and how to manage theses obstacles. A great deal of thought has gone into constructing this vision statement and I hope that within time these endeavors fill me with a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment. MyRead MoreMy Reflection On My Vision1117 Words   |  5 PagesFour A.M. My vision begins to reoccur, in a daze, I glance at my watch and it’s four- o’three A.M. â€Å"Oh no, no, no. It can’t be that late already.† Shaking my friends I yell, â€Å" It’s 4 in the morning! We have to go and get home before my mom waking up or I will be grounded for the rest of the summer!† They barely comprehend that, so I grab each one of them by their wrist and drag them to where I find Frank. Frank agrees that he will find a ride and that he will take care of Circe. Sprinting to theRead MoreMy Vision Of My Utopia989 Words   |  4 Pageswould I consider for my own? There are many questions that might run through one’s head, like for example: What will the utopia look like? What is the social mechanism within this society? Finally, how will everyone eat since no one starves in a utopia? While there are tons of other questions to be asked and answered, I believe these are the best for someone to be able to grasp onto my concept of my own utopia. But since this is only a product of thought, how do I picture my utopia? Everyone’s creativityRead MoreMy Sustainable Vision792 Words   |  3 PagesMy Sustainable Vision Briefly describe one of the places where you grew up. When I was six or seven we moved from an apartment in chandler out to Queen Creek where I have since lived. When I first moved to Queen Creek it was a quiet rural town with not much to it. The neighborhood we moved into had quite a bit of houses compared to others and a small playground about half a mile away from my house. Ever since I was little I have played video games. I would play almost everyday after school andRead MoreMy Experience With A Vision997 Words   |  4 PagesUntil today I never really gave creating a vision too much thought. The whole idea just seemed too touchy-feely for me. However, I realize that without a vision for my life, I am just passing time with nothing but a hopeless look in my eyes. Having a vision simply makes life more interesting because it gives you some sort of direction and guidance. Five years from now I will be 28 years old and will have been graduated for four years with a bachelor’s degree in Journalism and Media Studies. WithinRead MoreMy Vision For My Future Classroom989 Words   |  4 PagesMy Vision My vision for my future classroom is to create an atmosphere where each individual feels accepted and valued. It is my goal to discover ways to make learning innovative, enjoyable, creative, and rewarding. I will strive to discover my strengths, then use them to empower my students. Hopefully this leads to positive outcomes within each student and transforms the way my classroom operates. I would love to teach elementary level students, preferably grades 1-3, because that is my passionRead MoreMy Vision For My Future Career1445 Words   |  6 Pageswe covered in class this semester than influenced the way I think about education. These subjects include backwards design, higher level learning, grading and feedback, and Socratic seminars. All of these topics have become incorporated into my vision for my future career. I want to spend the following paragraphs discussing what they are, why they are important to me, and how I will apply them. Start with the End in Mind The first concept that impacted me this year was from the week 2 PowerPoint

Gogols The Overcoat A Whisper of Changey Essay Example For Students

Gogols The Overcoat: A Whisper of Changey Essay Gogols The Overcoat: A Whisper of ChangeAt first glance of Nikolay Gogols novel The Overcoat, one would onlysee a short story about a poor man wishing to survive in a cruel world. However,in looking further into the story, deep symbolism can be found. Gogol lived inRussia during the rise of the communist party, and was a great dissident ofcommunism. He believed the inevitable end of a communist government was totalfailure. He also criticized the other government of the world for failing toaid Russia in its quest for a better system. Gogol used his creative mind andhis writing abilities to speak out against the evils of the Russian government. We will write a custom essay on Gogols The Overcoat: A Whisper of Changey specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He used symbolism to prove his points, and often risked exile by his owngovernment for expressing such radical views. Many different objects in TheOvercoat can be mirrored with the objects of true life. Everything from AkakyAkakyevitchs coat, to his administrator is used by Gogol to symbolize thesituation of Russia during Gogols time. In truth, the Russian government wasagainst the free-thinking man, and so was against Gogol. Akaky himself is used as a symbol of the Russian people. The communistswere against any sort of free-thinking, and respected any man who performed hisduties without question. Akaky is described in the story as being a quiet,hard-working man. He keeps mostly to himself, having very little to do with theoutside world. His entire life centers around his profession. Akakys lifechanges only after he buys his new overcoat. The overcoats in the storysymbolize different governments. Akakys original dressing jacket, is theRussian government in power before communism took over. The government, likethe overcoat, once served its purpose, but is now worn thin and needs areplacement. The original color of the coat cannot even be seen anymore. Eachtime a tear appears in the coat, it is patched and forgotten, but the coateventually cannot be patched any longer. Akaky is extremely hesitant in buyinga new coat, claiming it would be too expensive. This compares to the hesitationof the Russian populatio n to switch to a new government. However, the coat nolonger serves its intended purpose, and Akaky is forced to either purchase a newcoat or freeze in the cold. Akakys new coat symbolizes the establishment ofcommunism over the Russian people. At first, the coat serves its purpose,keeping Akaky warm. Though it looks nice and expensive, the overcoat isactually made of fairly cheap materials. The overcoat gives Akaky a quickglance of happiness, but is quickly stolen by robbers on the street. Gogol usesthe new overcoat to make a statement about the communistic government. In thebeginning years of communism, the people of Russia believed the system to beefficient and superior to all others, yet the government eventually proved to bea failure, falling far short of the peoples expectations. Akakys fellow workers, the other clerks in the office, are symbolic ofother countries. The clerks neglected Akaky and teased him about his old coat,but after he purchased his new overcoat, the other clerks gained much respectfor him, admiring his new coat and inviting him to dinner. Akaky was pleasedwith being treated as an equal. This is representative of the other countriesview of Russia. During Russias previous government, the other countries of theworld both pitied and laughed at the once great nation. However, aftercommunist took control, Russia was viewed with more respect among the countries. Other nations now recognized Russia as an equal. .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 , .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 .postImageUrl , .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 , .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6:hover , .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6:visited , .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6:active { border:0!important; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6:active , .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6 .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u75cff269f29398caacb1e82a8561e5d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Malamud - The Naked Nude EssayThe Person of Consequence is symbolic of a great democratic nation,possibly the United States. The Person of Consequence is portrayed as anegotistical person, afraid of showing weakness to the lower grades, butalways willing to smile and enjoy himself in front of his equals. Here Gogolshows his opinions of the democratic nations. The democratic nations treat eachother with respect and admiration, but each looks upon the communists withdistrust and conceitedness. The nations believe that no cowardice must ever beshown to the communists. Gogol believed that, once the chains of communism hadbeen broken by the Russian people, the democratic gover nments would be hesitantin helping the struggling country. In the story, Akaky seeks the help of thePerson of Consequence in retrieving his stolen overcoat. However, the Person ofConsequence shows no respect for Akaky, yelling at him and ignoring his pleas. Thus the predictions of Gogol are portrayed through the actions of the Person ofConsequence. After Akakys death, his ghost haunts citizens on the streets ofPetersburg, robbing them of their overcoats. The hauntings continue until Akakysteals the overcoat of his enemy, the Person of Consequence. The ghost thendisappears, with only rumors of further sightings of the ghost. Gogol usesAkakys ghost to predict the future of Russia. Once communism falls, the peoplewill begin a search for a new government. The search will end with Russiaevoloving into a democracy, though the democratic nations are the enemies ofcommunist Russia during Gogols life. The rumors of coninued sightings of theghost perhaps suggest Gogols believe that some will not be satisfied under ademocratic rule. Nikolay Gogol was able to escape exile from his country only by hidinghis opinions through the use of symbolism. No one will ever know the truemeanings put forth in The Overcoat, yet Gogols general opinions can berecognized. In a country so against the right of mankind to voice his opinionsfreely, Gogol was able to successfully speak his mind by using his creativityand his talents. Gogols works paved the way for many other Russian authors who,by using Gogols actions as inspiration, now had the courage necessary forfighting against the power of the majority. It is men like Gogol who shape thenations of the world. His influence in Russian society could be compared tomany great authors who have influenced the people of the United States, such asJohn Locke and Thomas Jefferson. Without writers such as these, the opinions ofthe oppressed could never be made audible, and the desires for a greater futurecould never become a reality.

Twelve Angry Men Reflection B Essay Example

Twelve Angry Men: Reflection B Essay In the movie â€Å"Twelve Angry Men,† there were many examples of primary group roles. Each jury member had an informal role they played within the group, which influenced the final outcome of the jury’s decision for the court case. The four jury members that really exemplified their group roles were #8, #7, #1 and #3. Juror #8 was the calm architect who was the only one to vote â€Å"not guilty,† for the first vote. A major role he played was the initiator-contributor. This role is defined in our book as a person who â€Å"offers lots of ideas and suggestions; proposes solutions and new directions. † Juror #8 proved himself to be this role throughout the movie. He was the only one who voted against the rest of the men, not to gain attention to himself, but to give the boy on trial a chance. He also raised many questions to the other men and tried to make them look at the trial in a new way. The architect did this by showing them the knife he purchased that was the same as the boy’s knife, and by demonstrating how slow the old man witness would walk. We will write a custom essay sample on Twelve Angry Men: Reflection B specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Twelve Angry Men: Reflection B specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Twelve Angry Men: Reflection B specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If it wasn’t for juror #8, the boy on trial wouldn’t have gotten a fair chance at being found innocent. Juror #7 was another man who played a very distinct role in the movie, which was the clown. Being the clown means the person is using humor to take attention away from the task at hand, possibly for attention on himself, or to lighten the overall mood. From the minute he appeared in the movie, you could assume he was the clown by the way he was dressed. Also throughout the movie he was cracking jokes to try and lighten the mood. An example of him displaying himself as the clown, was when he was throwing the paper balls at the fan. It distracted the men from the task at hand and added a lighter mood to the room for a short while. If this juror paid more attention to the task at hand, instead of trying to be the clown, the decision would have possibly been made quicker. Another role that was displayed in this movie was a facilitator, shown by juror #1 who was the foreman. A facilitator guides the discussion, and keeps the group on task. His job was to set the standards on how the group of men ere to function during the discussion. Although he didn’t show as much enthusiasm and opinions as the other men, he would keep the other men on task if the conversation were getting out of hand. Another thing he did, was decide how the voting was going to take place (raising hands;write it down). The foreman was also in charge of asking for the evidence when the men asked for it. His role was very important to the outcome of the trial because he kept everyone on track so they could decide on a conclusion easier and quicker. Juror #3 portrayed a major role in the movie which was the cynic. A cynic is someone who focuses on the negatives and has a bad attitude throughout the group’s meeting. From the beginning, he thought the boy was guilty and deserved the death penalty. He had no sympathy to the boy, and only focused on the negative pieces of evidence showing that the boy was guilty. Every time he said something, he was interrupting someone else’s idea to yell about how they were wrong, and they boy was guilty. His loud and negative attitude could have forced ideas on some of the men. Eventually he was the last one to say the boy was guilty, until he finally gave up because everyone else made him realize he was wrong and being cynical. A jury is supposed to be 12 people that are peers of the defendant. The definition of a peer is a person who  is equal to another in abilities, qualifications, age, background culture, and social status. The 12 men in the movie were not definitions of peers to the boy on trial. The boy was 18 years old, poor, and Indian. The jury members were middle class, middle aged white men. The only juror that had any chance of being a peer to the defendant was juror #5 because he also grew up in the slums, but that isn’t enough similarity to call them peers. If there had been more cultural diversity in the jury, I think the initial vote would have been closer to a 6-6 tie rather than a 11-1 vote against the defendant. They would have had more sympathy and knowledge of the boys background.